Q.1 Write a note on the managerial roles and skills.
The Mintzberg in 1973 categorized the managerial roles in three categories
• Informational roles
• Decisional roles
• Interpersonal roles
1. Informational roles
This involves the roles of incorporate and circulates information as and when required.
Following are the main sub-roles which manager often performs:
a) Monitor: collecting information from organizations, both from inside and outside of the organization.
b) Disseminator: circulate or communicating information to organizational members.
c) Spokesperson: representing the organization to the outsiders.
2. Decisional roles
It involves decision making, again this role can be sub-divided in to the following
a. Entrepreneur: Initiating new ideas to improve organizational performance.
b. Disturbance handlers: taking corrective action to cope with adverse situation.
c. Resource allocators: Allocating human, physical and monetary resources.
d. Negotiator: negotiating with trade unions or any other stakeholders.
3. Interpersonal roles
This roles involves activities with people working in the organization. This is supportive role for informational and decisional roles.
Interpersonal roles can be categorized under three sub sections:
o Figurehead: Ceremonial and symbolic role
o Leadership: leading organization in terms of recruiting, motivating etc.
o Liaison (relationships): making good relationship with external bodies and public relations activities.
There are the management skills has been identified by Kartz in 1974
1. Technical Skills
2. Human Skills
3. Conceptual Skills
1. Technical Skills
The ability to apply the specialized knowledge or expertise. All jobs require some specialized expertise and many people develop their technical skills on the Job.
Vocational and on – the – job training programs can be used to develop this type of skill.
2. Human Skills
This is the ability to work with, understand and motivate the other people both individually and a group). This requires sensitivity towards other issues and concerns.
People who are proficient in technical issues, but not with interpersonal skills, may face difficulty to manage their subordinates.
To acquire the human skill, it is pertinent to recognize the feelings and sentiments of others, ability to motivate others even in adverse situation and communicate own feelings to others in a positive and inspiring way.
3. Conceptual skill
This is an ability to critically analyze, diagnose a situation and forward a feasible solution. It requires creative thinking, generating options and choosing the best available option.
Q.2 Discuss the methods of shaping behavior in detail. [10]
When a systematic attempt is made to change individual’s behavior by directing their learning in graduated steps. It is called shaping behavior.
There are the four methods of shaping behavior:
1. Positive reinforcement.
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Punishment
4. Extinction
1. Positive reinforcement
This is the process of getting something pleasant as a consequence of the desired behavior, to strengthen the same behavior.
For example, one gets a commission, if he/she achieves sales target.
Example:
• Bonus paid at the end of the successful business year is an example of positive reinforcement.
• Employee will work hard for a raise or a promotion.
• Salesman will increase their efforts to get rewards and bonuses.
• Students will study to get good grades.
• In the above examples, the rises, promotions, awards, bonuses, good grades are positive reinforces.
2. Negative reinforcement
This is the process of having a reward taken away as a consequence of a undesired behavior.
i.e. scholarship is withdrawn from the student who has not done well on the examination.
Just as a people engage in behaviours in order to get positive reinforces, the also engage in behaviours to avoid or escape unpleasant conditions.
Terminating an unpleasant stimulus in order to strengthen or increase the probability of a response is called negative reinforcement.
3. Punishment
Punishment is causing an unpleasant condition in an attempt to eliminate and undesirable behavior. This is the process of getting a punishment as a consequence of a behavior
According to the B.F. skinner, punishment is still the most common technique of behavior control in today’s life. When a child misbehaves, he is spanked. If a person does not behave as the society or law wants him to do, he is punished by arrest and jail.
Example: Loss of pay coming late to office, punishment can be accomplished either by adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing pleasant stimulus.
The added unpleasant stimulus might take the form of criticism, a scolding, a disapproving look, a fine or a prison sentence.
The removal of a pleasant stimulus might consist of withholding affection and attention, suspending a driver license or taking away a privilege such as watching television.
Accordingly, in situations where punishment is desirable as a means of behavior modifications, certain guidelines would make it more effective thus minimizing it dysfunctional consequences.
a) Praise in public; punish in private.
b) Apply punishment before the undesirable behavior has been strongly reinforced. Thus, the punishment should be immediately follow the undesirable behavior.
c) The punishment should focus on the behavior and not on the person.
4. Extinction
An alternative to punishing for undesirable behavior is extension.
The attempt to weaken behavior by attaching no consequences (either positive or negative) to it. It is equivalent to ignoring the behavior.
The rationale for using extinction is that a behavior not followed by any consequences is weakened.
However some patience and time may be needed for it to be effective.
This type of reinforcement is applied to reduce undesirable behavior, especially when such behaviors were previously rewarded. This means if rewards were removed from behaviors that were previously reinforced, the such behavior would become less frequent and eventually die out.
For example, in the class if any student is highly mischievous and disturbs the class, he is probably asking for attention. If the attention will be given to him he will continue to exhibit the behavior.
Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. They strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition.
Both punishment and extinction weaken behavior and tend to decrease its subsequent frequency.
Q.3 Explain the classification of personality types given by Myers -Briggs.[10]
Q.4 What are the factors influencing perception? [10]
Q.5 Mr. Solanki is the VP- HR of a leading Financial services company. He is having a meeting with Ms. Ramani leading HR consultant. Mr. Solanki is concerned about creating an environment that helps in increasing the job satisfaction amongst employees. Assume that you are Ms. Ramani, the HR consultant. What suggestions you will give to Mr. Solanki, for creating an environment that increases job satisfaction [10]
Q.6 Given below is the HR policy glimpse of the “VARK-LEARNING” a learning and training solutions company
1. It offers cash rewards for staff members
2. It promotes the culture of employee referral and encourages people to refer people they know may be their friends, ex. Colleagues batch mates, relatives.
3. What all needs do it takes care off according to maslow’s need hierarchy
4. It recognizes good performances and give fancy titles and jackets to the people who perform well and also felicitates them in the Annual Day of the company.
What all aspects does it takes care of according to the Maslow’s Need Hierarchy ? [10]
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